Minggu, 13 Juli 2014

DAMPAK LIMBAH INDUSTRI TERHADAP LINGKUNGAN DAN PENYAKIT YANG TIMBUL SERTA PENAGGULANGANNYA


MAKALAH DAMPAK LIMBAH INDUSTRI TERHADAP LINGKUNGAN DAN PENYAKIT YANG TIMBUL SERTA PENAGGULANGANNYA
BAB I
Latar Belakang
Kehadiran limbah dapat berdampak negatif terhadap lingkungan terutama bagi kesehatan manusia, sehingga perlu dilakukan penanganan terhadap limbah.penanganan limbah ini tentunya tidak hanya sekedar mengolahnya/ mendaur ulangnya langsung tanpa memperhatikan jenis limbah dan cara penangannanya klarena dari setiap limbah yang ada mempunyai cirri berbeda terhadap dampak yang ditimbulkanya.

BAB II
Pembahasan
Limbah adalah buangan yang dihasilkan dari suatu proses produksi baik industri maupun domestik (rumah tangga, yang lebih dikenal sebagai sampah) atau juga dapat dihasilkan oleh alam yang kehadirannya pada suatu saat dan tempat tertentu tidak dikehendaki lingkungan karena tidak memiliki nilai ekonomis. Bila ditinjau secara kimiawi, limbah ini terdiri dari bahan kimia organik dan anorganik.
A. Karakteristik Limbah
Limbah mempunyai karakteristik sebagai berikut :
a. Berukuran mikro
Karekteristik ini merupakan karakterisik pada besar kecilnya limbah/ volumenya. Contoh dari limbah yang berukuran mikro atau kecil atau bahkan tidak bias terlihat adalah limbah industri berupa bahan kimia yang tidak terpakai yang di buang tidak sesuai dengan prosedur pembuangan yang dianjurkan.
b.  Dinamis
pencemarannya yang tidak dalam waktu singkat menyebar dan mengakibatkan pencermaran. Biasanya limbah dalam menyerbar di perlukan waktu yang cukup lama dan tidak diketahui dengan hanya melihat saja. Hal ini dikarenakan ukuran limbah yang tidak dapat dilihat.
c. Berdampak luas (penyebarannya)
Luasnya dampak yang di timbulkan oleh limbah ini merupakan efek dari karakteristik limbah yang berukuran mikro yang tak dapat dilihat dengan mata tellanjang. Contoh dari besarnya dampak yang ditimbulkan yaitu adanya istilah “Minamata disease” atau keracunan raksa (Hg) di Jepang yang mengakibatkan nelayan-nelayan mengidap paralis (hilangnya kemampuan untuk bergerak karena kerusakan pada saraf). Kejadian ini terajadi di Teluk Minamata dan Sungai Jintsu karena pencemaran oleh raksa (Hg).
d.  Berdampak jangka panjang (antar generasi)
Dampak yang ditimbulkan limbah terutama limbah kimia biasanya tidak sekedar berdampak pada orang yang terkena tetapi dapat mengakibatkan turunannya mengalami hal serupa.
B. Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi pencemaran limbah terhadap lingkungan.
1. Volume Limbah.
2.  Kandungan Bahan Pencemar.
3.  Frekuensi Pembuangan Limbah.
C. Sumber dan Jenis Limbah.
Sumber Limbah :
1.  Aktivitas manusia,
2. Akifitas alam,
3.  Perkembangan industri,
4.  Modernisasi,
5.  Pertambahan penduduk.
Jenis Limbah :
1.  Rubbish / Sampah yang tidak membusuk,
2. Ashes / Sejenis abu hasil dari proses pembakaran,
3.  Dead animal / Bangkai hewan,
4.  Street sweeping / Sampah atau kotoran yang berserakan di jalan,
5.  Industrial waste / benda padat sisa dari industry yang tidak tepakai atau dibuang.
D. Dampak Limbah
a. Limbah Industri Pangan
Sektor Industri/usaha kecil pangan yang mencemari lingkungan antara lain ; tahu, tempe, tapioka dan pengolahan ikan (industri hasil laut). Limbah usaha kecil pangan dapat menimbulkan masalah dalam penanganannya karena mengandung sejumlah besar karbohidrat, protein, lemak , garam-garam, mineral, dan sisa sisa bahan kimia yang digunakan dalam pengolahan dan pembersihan. Sebagai contohnya limbah industri tahu, tempe, tapioka industri hasil laut dan industri pangan lainnya, dapat menimbulkan bau yang menyengat dan polusi berat pada air bila pembuangannya tidak diberi perlakuan yang tepat.
Air buangan (efluen) atau limbah buangan dari pengolahan pangan dengan Biological Oxygen Demand ( BOD) tinggi dan mengandung polutan seperti tanah, larutan alkohol, panas dan insektisida. Apabila efluen dibuang langsung ke suatu perairan akibatnya menganggu seluruh keseimbangan ekologik dan bahkan dapat menyebabkan kematian ikan dan biota perairan lainnya.
b.  Limbah Industri Kimia & Bahan Bangunan
Industri kimia seperti alkohol dalam proses pembuatannya membutuhkan air sangat besar, mengeakibatkan pula besarnya limbah cair yang dikeluarkan kelingkungan sekitarnya. Air limbahnya bersifat mencemari karena didalamnya terkandung mikroorganisme, senyawa organik dan anorganik baik terlarut maupun tersuspensi serta senyawa tambahan yang terbentuk selama proses permentasi berlangsung.
Industri ini mempunyai limbah cair selain dari proses produksinya juga, air sisa pencucian peralatan, limbah padat berupa onggokan hasil perasan, endapan Ca SO4, gas berupa uap alkohol. kategori limbah industri ini adalah llimbah bahan beracun berbahayan (B3) yang mencemari air dan udara. Gangguan terhadap kesehatan yang dapat ditimbulkan efek bahan kimia toksik :
a. Keracunan yang akut, yakni keracunan akibat masuknya dosis
tertentu kedalam tubuh melalui mulut, kulit, pernafasan dan
akibatnya dapat dilihat dengan segera, misalnya keracunan H2S, Co dalan dosis tinggi. Dapat menimbulkan lemas dan kematian. Keracunan Fenal dapat menimbulkan sakit perut dan sebagainya.
b. Keracunan kronis, sebagai akibat masuknya zat-zat toksis kedalam tubuh dalam dosis yang kecil tetapi terus menerus dan berakumulasi dalam tubuh, sehingga efeknya baru terasa dalam jangka panjang misalnya keracunan timbal, arsen, raksa, asbes dan sebagainya.
¡ Limbah Industri Sandang Kulit & Aneka
Sektor sandang dan kulit seperti pencucian batik, batik printing, penyamakan kuit dapat mengakibatkan pencemaran karena dalam proses pencucian memerlukanair sebagai mediumnya dalam jumlah yang besar. Proses ini menimbulkan air buangan (bekas Proses) yang besar pula, dimana air buangan mengandung sisa-sisa warna, BOD tinggi, kadar minyak tinggi dan beracun (mengandung limbah B3 yang tinggi).
¡ Limbah Industri Logam & Ekektronika
Bahan buangan yang dihasilkan dari industr besi baja seperti mesin bubut, cor logam dapat menimbulkan pemcemaran lingkungan. Sebagian besar bahan pencemarannya berupa debu, asap dan gas yang mengotori udarasekitarnya. Selain pencemaran udara oleh bahan buangan, kebisingan yang ditimbulkan mesin dalam industri baja (logam) mengganggu ketenangan sekitarnya. kadar bahan pencemar yang tinggi dan tingkat kebisingan yang berlebihan dapat mengganggu kesehatan manusia baik yang bekerja dalam pabrik maupun masyarakat sekitar.
Walaupun industri baja/logam tidak menggunakan larutan kimia, tetapi industri ini memcemari air karena buanganya dapat mengandung minyak pelumas dan asam-asam yang berasal dari proses pickling untukmembersihkan bahan plat, sedangkan bahan buangan padat dapat dimanfaatkan kembali.
Bahaya dari bahan-bahan pencemar yang mungkin dihaslkan dari proses- proses dalam industri besi-baja/logam terhadap kesehatan yaitu :
· Debu, dapat menyebabkan iritasi, sesak nafas
· Kebisingan, mengganggu pendengaran, menyempitkan pembuluh darah, ketegangan otot, menurunya kewaspadaan, kosentrasi pemikiran dan efisiensi kerja.
· Karbon Monoksida (CO), dapat menyebabkan gangguan serius, yang diawali dengan napas pendek dan sakit kepala, berat, pusing-pusing pikiran kacau dan melemahkan penglihatan dan pendengaran. Bila keracunan berat, dapat mengakibatkan pingsan yang bisa diikuti dengan kematian.
· Karbon Dioksida (CO2), dapat mengakibatkan sesak nafas, kemudian sakit kepala, pusing-pusing, nafas pendek, otot lemah, mengantuk dan telinganya berdenging.
· Belerang Dioksida (SO2), pada konsentrasi 6-12 ppm dapat menyebabkan iritasi pada hidung dan tenggorokan, peradangan lensa mata (pada konsentrasi 20 ppm), pembengkakan paru-paru/celah suara.
· Minyak pelumas, buangan dapat menghambat proses oksidasi
biologi dari sistem lingkungan, bila bahan pencemar dialirkan
keseungai, kolam atau sawah dan sebagainya.
· Asap, dapat mengganggu pernafasan, menghalangi pandangan, dan bila tercampur dengan gas CO2, SO2, maka akan memberikan pengaruh yang nenbahayakan seperti yang telah diuraikan diatas.
Berbagai pabrik industri dianatara bahan bakunya banyak mempergunakan zat-zat kimia organik maupun anorganik. Sebagai hasil pengolahannya selai menghasilkan produk-produk yang berguna bagi kehidupan manusia, juga fakta menunjukkan bahwa limbah-limbah negatif bagi kesehatan manusia dan kelestarian lingkungannya.
Diantara efek limbah berbahanya terhadap kesehatan manusia adalah karena sifat toksik bahan yang dikandung dalam limbah tersebut. Berbagai jenis penyakit yang dapat terjadi karena limbah berbahaua adalah; penyakit pneumoniosis, silicosis, byssinosis, siderosis, talkosis dan berbagai jenis keracunan lainnya.
Penyakit-penyakit yang ditimbulkan dari limbah berbahaya dapat bersifat akut dan kronis. Terutama limbah berbahaya toksis, dimana proses reaksinya sangat kompleks.
Secara umum rantai reaksi menimbulkan efek terhadap kesehatan manusia dapat di bagi dalam tiga face, yaitu: (1) face paparan atau eksposisi, (2) face tokso-kenetik, dan (3) face tokso – dinamik.
Face paparan dapat terjadi secara oral, melalui saluran pencemaran, atau melalui kulit. Pada face tokso-kinetik ada dua proses yang memainkan peranan penting, yaitu;
1. Transpor yang meliputi absorbsi yang disebut, dan ekskresi.
2. Perubahan metabolik yang disebut juga botransformasi yang sering menyebabkan ketidakaktifan zat yang diserap. namun perubahan biokimiawi dalam organisme dapat mengakibatkan juga pembentukan senyawa aktif dan dengan demikian mengakibatkan bioaktivasi.
Face tokso-dinamik meliputi interaksi antara molekul zat aktif atau zat racun dan tempat kerja spesifik, yaitu reseptor. Interaksi ini menghasilkan induksi suatu stimulus (rangsangan) yang dimulai dari proses biokimia dan biofisika dan akhirnya menyebabkan efek bagi kesehatan manusia.
E. Dampak limbah bagi Kesehatan
a. Timbulan sampah dapat menjadi tempat pembiakan lalat yang dapat mendorong penularan infeksi,
b. Timbulan sampah dapat menimbulkan penyakit yang terkait dengan tikus,
c. Penyakit diare, kolera, tifus menyebar dengan cepat karena virus yang berasal dari sampah dengan pengelolaan tidak tepat dapat bercampur air minum. Penyakit demam berdarah (haemorhagic fever) dapat juga meningkat dengan cepat di daerah yang pengelolaan sampahnya kurang memadai,
d.  Penyakit jamur dapat juga menyebar (misalnya jamur kulit),
e. Penyakit yang dapat menyebar melalui rantai makanan. Salah satu contohnya adalah suatu penyakit yang dijangkitkan oleh cacing pita (taenia). Cacing ini sebelumnya masuk ke dalam pencernaaan binatang ternak melalui makanannya yang berupa sisa makanan/sampah,
f.  Sampah beracun.
Telah dilaporkan bahwa di Jepang kira-kira 40.000 orang meninggal akibat mengkonsumsi ikan yang telah terkontaminasi oleh raksa (Hg). Raksa ini berasal dari sampah yang dibuang ke laut oleh pabrik yang memproduksi baterai dan akumulator.
F. Dampak limbah bagi Lingkungan
Pencemaran darat yang dapat ditimbulkan oleh sampah misalnya ditinjau dari segi kesehatan sebagai tempat bersarang dan menyebarnya bibit penyakit, sedangkan ditinjau dari segi keindahan, tentu saja menurunnya estetika (tidak sedap dipandang mata).
Cairan rembesan sampah yang masuk ke dalam drainase atau sungai akan mencemari air. Berbagai organisme termasuk ikan dapat mati sehingga beberapa spesies akan lenyap, hal ini mengakibatkan berubahnya ekosistem perairan biologis. Penguraian sampah yang dibuang ke dalam air akan menghasilkan asam organik dan gas-cair organik, seperti metana. Selain berbau kurang sedap, gas ini dalam konsentrasi tinggi dapat meledak.
Macam pencemarann perairan yang ditimbulkan oleh sampah misalnya terjadinya perubahan warna dan bau pada air sungai, penyebaran bahan kimia dan mikroorganisme yang terbawa air hujan dan meresapnya bahan-bahan berbahaya sehingga mencemari sumur dan sumber air. Bahan-bahan pencemar yang masuk kedalam air tanah dapat muncul ke permukaan tanah melalui air sumur penduduk dan mata air. Jika bahan pencemar itu berupa B3 (bahan berbahaya dan beracun) mislnya air raksa (merkuri), chrom, timbale, cadmium, maka akan berbahaya bagi manusia, karena dapat menyebabkan gangguan pada syaraf, cacat pada bayi, kerusakan sel-sel hati atau ginjal. Baterai bekas (untuk senter, kamera, sepatu menyala, jam tangan) mengandung merkuri atau cadmium, jangan di buang disembarang tempat karena B3 didalamnya dapat meresap ke sumur penduduk.
Macam pencemaran udara yang ditimbulkannya misalnya mengeluarkan bau yang tidak sedap, debu gas-gas beracun. Pembakaran sampah dapat meningkatkan karbonmonoksida (CO), karbondioksida (CO2) nitrogen-monoksida (NO), gas belerang, amoniak dan asap di udara. Asap di udara, asap yang ditimbulkan dari bahan plastik ada yang bersifat karsinogen, artinya dapat menimbulkan kanker, berhati-hatilah dalam membakar sampah.
Cairan dari limbah – limbah yang masuk ke sungai akan mencemarkan airnya sehingga mengandung virus-virus penyakit. Berbagai ikan dapat mati sehingga mungkin lama kelamaan akan punah. Tidak jarang manusia juga mengkonsumsi atau menggunakan air untuk kegiatan sehari-hari, sehingga menusia akan terkena dampak limbah baik secara langsung maupun tidak langsung. Selain mencemari, air lingkungan juga menimbulkan banjir karena banyak orang-orang yang membuang limbah rumah tanggake sungai, sehingga pintu air mampet dan pada waktu musim hujan air tidak dapat mengalir dan air naik menggenangi rumah-rumah penduduk, sehingga dapat meresahkan para penduduk. Dampak lain,
a. Menurunnya kualitas lingkungan,
b.  Menurunnya estetika lingkungan,
c.  Terhambatnya pembangunan negara
elum diperhatikan oleh pemerintah kita .
BAB III
Penanganan
Penanganan Limbah
a.  Pencegahan dan Pengurangan Sampah dari Sumbernya,
Kegiatan ini dimulai dengan kegiatan pemilahan atau pemisahan sampah organik dan anorganik dengan menyediakan tempat sampah organik dan anorganik disetiap kawasan.
b.  Pemanfaatan Kembali
a. Kegiatan pemanfaatan sampah kembali seperti composting (pengomposan). Sampah yang mudah membusuk dapat diubah menjadi pupuk kompos yang ramah lingkungan untuk melestarikan lingkungan.
c. Pemanfaatan sampah anorganik, baik secara langsung maupun tidak langsung.
Pemanfaatan kembali secara langsung, misalnya pembuatan kerajinan yang berbahan baku dari barang bekas, atau kertas daur ulang. Sedangkan pemanfaatan kembali secara tidak langsung, misalnya menjual barang bekas seperti kertas, plastik, kaleng, koran bekas, botol, gelas dan botol air minum dalam kemasan.
Tempat Pembuangan Sampah Akhir
Sisa sampah yang tidak dapat dimanfaatkan secara ekonomis baik dari kegiatan composting maupun pemanfaatan sampah anorganik, jumlahnya mencapai ± 10%, harus dibuang ke Tempat Pembuangan Sampah Akhir (TPA). Di Indonesia, pengelolaan TPA menjadi tanggung jawab masing-masing Pemda.
BAB IV
Kesimpulan
Bahaya pembuangan limbah industri dapat memberikan dampak terhadap lingkunagn. Untuk mencegah pembuangn limbah yang sembarang tempat pemerintah harus melakukan pengawasan dengan ketat terhadap perusahaan-perusahaan yang mempunyai hasil limbah yang berbahaya agar lingkungan tidak menjadi tempat pembuangan limbah karena akan mengakibatkan dampak lingkungan tercemar.

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